You have clearly studied the issues that occur at the end of a civil war or when a constitutional settlement is overthrown. In our country we had a situation like that at the end of the second world war; made more complicated by the fact that, as with Medea and the Dark Convention, some of the liberators were hardly better than the monsters they overthrew. About half the Italian partisan army was Communist, and these were the real thing, who took their orders straight from Stalin. Their designated leader, Palmiro Togliatti, had been one of the most servile and swinish of Stalin's bureaucratic henchmen before the war. From a couple of my answers on Quora:
"The partisan armies changed directly into parties, of which five went on to become the backbone of Italian politics: Liberals (conservative), Catholics, Republicans (liberal). Socialists (later split into Social Democrats and Socialists proper), and Communists. The Italian Parliament was full of ex-Partisans, as were local administrations and other institutions. The political and intellectual climate of the post-war years was largely shaped by these forces, of which the three largest - Communists, Catholics, and Socialists - had always been excluded from Italian government until then, both under the liberal government of united Italy and under Fascism. It was a genuine revolution, though a fairly silent one.
While Italy was not remotely comparable with Germany and Japan, there had been some pretty horrendous war crimes, especially in Yugoslavia - where the hatred between Italians and Slavs went back to Hasburg times - and in the conquest of Ethiopia, where the monstrous Rodolfo Graziani, a man with nothing to envy to Hitler and Stalin's worst henchmen, had been Viceroy for two bloodstained years. (His replacement, sent when even Mussolini realized that homicidal brutality was not the key to success, was the royal Duke of Aosta, a gentleman whom everyone respected, to the extent that once Haile Selassie had re-conquered the country, he showed him signal regard.)
Part of the issue is actually Communist machinations; the Communist leader Togliatti, briefly Minister of the Interior in the first post-war Italian government, issued a decree of amnesty for all war crimes - which, at the time most Italians thought were high treason and supporting the Nazis during the last few years of war. Stalin and Togliatti hoped to take over Italy by legal means, and actually had quite a few ex-Fascists in their ranks. And the public in general knew little, and still does not know enough, about Italian behaviour in Yugoslavia. One manRodolfo Graziani, who absolutely should have been hanged, was not even tried because of squalid jurisdictional quarrels between Italian and English military courts; another, Roatta, was a collaborator of Pietro Badoglio, the army officer who was called to replace Mussolini, and while Badoglio was himself a despicable failure, his protection was enough to avoid any close investigation into Roatta’s activities. Many Fascist leaders had been executed during the last two years of war. And Italy’s change of front in 1943 had been genuine and heartfelt, proved by the death of over 60,000 partisans and 40,000 army regulars fighting on the allied side. Among the Western allies, there was no such bitterness against Italy as there was against Germany and Japan, whose populations had supported their leaderships to the last man and to the last inch of ground.
When civil wars end
"The partisan armies changed directly into parties, of which five went on to become the backbone of Italian politics: Liberals (conservative), Catholics, Republicans (liberal). Socialists (later split into Social Democrats and Socialists proper), and Communists. The Italian Parliament was full of ex-Partisans, as were local administrations and other institutions. The political and intellectual climate of the post-war years was largely shaped by these forces, of which the three largest - Communists, Catholics, and Socialists - had always been excluded from Italian government until then, both under the liberal government of united Italy and under Fascism. It was a genuine revolution, though a fairly silent one.
While Italy was not remotely comparable with Germany and Japan, there had been some pretty horrendous war crimes, especially in Yugoslavia - where the hatred between Italians and Slavs went back to Hasburg times - and in the conquest of Ethiopia, where the monstrous Rodolfo Graziani, a man with nothing to envy to Hitler and Stalin's worst henchmen, had been Viceroy for two bloodstained years. (His replacement, sent when even Mussolini realized that homicidal brutality was not the key to success, was the royal Duke of Aosta, a gentleman whom everyone respected, to the extent that once Haile Selassie had re-conquered the country, he showed him signal regard.)
Part of the issue is actually Communist machinations; the Communist leader Togliatti, briefly Minister of the Interior in the first post-war Italian government, issued a decree of amnesty for all war crimes - which, at the time most Italians thought were high treason and supporting the Nazis during the last few years of war. Stalin and Togliatti hoped to take over Italy by legal means, and actually had quite a few ex-Fascists in their ranks. And the public in general knew little, and still does not know enough, about Italian behaviour in Yugoslavia. One manRodolfo Graziani, who absolutely should have been hanged, was not even tried because of squalid jurisdictional quarrels between Italian and English military courts; another, Roatta, was a collaborator of Pietro Badoglio, the army officer who was called to replace Mussolini, and while Badoglio was himself a despicable failure, his protection was enough to avoid any close investigation into Roatta’s activities. Many Fascist leaders had been executed during the last two years of war. And Italy’s change of front in 1943 had been genuine and heartfelt, proved by the death of over 60,000 partisans and 40,000 army regulars fighting on the allied side. Among the Western allies, there was no such bitterness against Italy as there was against Germany and Japan, whose populations had supported their leaderships to the last man and to the last inch of ground.
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